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Sidrunmonarda

Süstemaatiline kuuluvus (APG IV)
Riik: Taimed (Plantae)
Klaad: Soontaimed (Tracheophyta)
Klaad: Katteseemnetaimed (Angiospermae)
Klaad: Päriskaheidulehelised (Eudicotyledonae)
Selts: Iminõgeselaadsed (Lamiales)
Sugukond: Huulõielised (Lamiaceae)
Perekond: Monarda (Monarda)
Liik: Sidrunmonarda - Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.

Botaaniline kirjeldus
Sidrunmonarda on ühe- või mitmeaastane kuni 90 cm kõrgune rohttaim perekonnast monarda ja sugukonnast huulõielised.Taim moodustab tiheda haruneva puhma. Kandilist vart katavad vastakuti paiknevad lehed. Leht on saagja servaga (hõredalt paiknevate hammastega), teravatipuline, aluselt südajas, kitsas-munajas, kaetud karvadega. Õisiku moodustavad ümber varre paiknevad väheõiselised (5-7) kandelehtedega männased. Õiekate on kaheli, viietine. Tupplehed liitlehised, lühikesed, teravatipulised. Õiekrooni moodustavad valged, roosad või lillad aluselt pikaks krooniputkeks kokku kasvanud kroonlehed. Kroon huuljas. [1, 4]. Taim õitseb juunist augustini ning maapealne osa hukkub esimeste halladega. Lehtede hõõrumisel eritab taim sidruni ja pune meenutavat aroomikooslust. [1]

Levila
Sidrunmonarda on laialt levinud Põhja Ameerika lõunaosas ja Mehhiko keskosas, kus ta kasvab looduslikult preeriates. Lõuna Ameerikas on ta naturaliseerunud. Tänapäeval kohtab teda ka Euroopas ja Aasias tulnukana [2,4]. Eestis kasvatatakse sidrunmonardat kultuurtaimena. Taim talub kuiva mulda ning vajab vähe vett ning otsest päikesevalgust. Ta eelistab kõrge savisisaldusega muldi. [4]

Toime ja kasutamine
Sidrunmonarda varred, lehed ja õied sisaldavad eeterlikku õli, mille mille koostis on sarnane sidrunmelissi omaga [2–3]. Sidrunimonardat kasvatatakse koduaedades ning teda saab kasutada nii ilu-, eeterliku õli- kui ka maitsetaimena nt salatite, teede, liharoogade ja kookide lisandina [1–3]. Lehtedest valmistatud teed kasutatakse limaskestapõletiku, külmetushaiguste, peavalu, maohäirete, hambavalu, palaviku, kõhupuhituse, kurguvalu, köha, iivelduse, unetuse, menstruaalvalu ja hingamisteede probleemide raviks raviks [2–3]. Sidrunimonarda eeterlik õli sisaldab tsitronellooli, mis muudab selle kasulikuks putukatõrjevahendina, mistõttu on taime kasutatud kirpude ja puukide peletuseks. Lisaks kasutatakse seda parfümeerias [2].

Ürt kogutakse sarnaselt teistele monarda liikidele, kes on eluvormilt sarnased. Droogiks korjatakse õisikud lühikeste varreosadega õitsemise alguses kogu suve jooksul ja tarvitatakse meeldiva aroomi ja maitsega teena. [4]

Kasutatud allikad
1. Brickell, C. (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A–Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley.
2. Katoch, M., & Pull, S. (2017). Endophytic fungi associated with Monarda citriodora, an aromatic and medicinal plant and their biocontrol potential. Pharmaceutical biology, 55(1), 1528–1535. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1309054 (20.09.2023).
3. Lawson, S. K., Satyal, P., & Setzer, W. N. (2021). The Volatile Phytochemistry of Monarda Species Growing in South Alabama. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 10(3), 482. DOI: 10.3390/plants10030482 (20.09.2023).
4. Raal, A. (2010). Maailma ravimtaimede entsüklopeedia. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.

Lemon beebalm

Classification (APG IV)
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Monarda
Species: Lemon beebalm - Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.

Botanical description
Lemon beebalm (Monarda citriodora) is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant from the genus Monarda in the mint family (Lamiaceae), growing up to 90 cm in height. The plant forms a dense, branching clump. The square stems are covered with opposite leaves. The leaves are serrated with sparse teeth, pointed at the tip, heart-shaped at the base, narrowly ovate, and covered with hairs. The inflorescence consists of verticillasters (5–7 flowers each), encircled by bracts around the stem. The perianth is double and five-parted. The calyx is short, tubular, and pointed. The corolla is formed by white, pink, or purple petals fused into a long corolla tube at the base, ending in a bilabiate structure. [1,4] The plant blooms from June to August, with aerial parts dying back at the first frost. When rubbed, the leaves emit an aroma reminiscent of a blend of lemon and oregano. [1]

Distribution
Lemon beebalm is widespread in the southern United States and central Mexico, where it grows naturally in prairies. It has become naturalized in South America and is also found as an introduced species in Europe and Asia. [2,4] In Estonia, it is cultivated as a garden plant. The plant tolerates dry soils, requires little water, and thrives in direct sunlight. It prefers soils with high clay content. [4]

Effects and uses
The stems, leaves, and flowers of lemon bee balm contain essential oil with a composition similar to that of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). [2–3] It is cultivated in home gardens and can be used as an ornamental, essential oil, or culinary herb, as a seasoning for salads, teas, meat dishes, and baked goods. [1–3] Tea made from the leaves is used for treating mucosal inflammation, colds, headaches, stomach disorders, toothaches, fevers, bloating, sore throats, coughs, nausea, insomnia, menstrual pain, and respiratory problems. [2–3]

The essential oil of lemon bee balm contains citronellol, making it useful as an insect repellent, particularly for fleas and ticks. It is also used in perfumery. [2]

The herb is harvested similarly to other species of Monarda. The inflorescences, along with short stem sections, are collected throughout the summer at the beginning of the blooming period and used as tea with a pleasant aroma and taste. [4]

References
1. Brickell, C. (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A–Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley.
2. Katoch, M., & Pull, S. (2017). Endophytic fungi associated with Monarda citriodora, an aromatic and medicinal plant, and their biocontrol potential. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 1528–1535. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1309054 (Accessed: September 20, 2023).
3. Lawson, S. K., Satyal, P., & Setzer, W. N. (2021). The volatile phytochemistry of Monarda species growing in South Alabama. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 10(3), 482. DOI: 10.3390/plants10030482 (Accessed: September 20, 2023).
4. Raal, A. (2010). Maailma ravimtaimede entsüklopeedia. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.