Views: 33
Süstemaatiline kuuluvus (APG IV)
Riik: Taimed (Plantae)
Klaad: Soontaimed (Tracheophyta)
Klaad: Katteseemnetaimed (Angiospermae)
Klaad: Päriskaheidulehelised (Eudicotyledonae)
Selts: Maavitsalaadsed / Solanales
Sugukond: Maavitsalised / Solanaceae
Perekond: Tubakas / Nicotiana
Liik: Mahorkatubakas / Nicotiana rustica L.
Botaaniline kirjeldus
Mahorkatubakas ehk Ameerika tubakas on kiirekasvuline üheaastane rohttaim maavitsaliste sugukonnast, perekonnast tubakas. Taim kleepuv. Lehed on laskuvad, lihtsad, munajad, nende paigutus varrel on vahelduv. Leheservad on terved, lainelised. Lehed on ümaramad ja laiemad kui vääristubakal ehk virgiinia tubakal (Nicotiana tabacum L.). [1,2]
Taime õisik on üldiselt kompaktne paksenenud keskteljega kobar. Õied arenevad nii peateljele kui ka külgharudena. Õiekatte värvus varieerub kollasest rohekaskollaseni. Mahorkatubaka õied on aktinomorfsed. Õiekate on kaheli, viietine. Tupplehed moodustavad liitlehise viietipmelise, kroonist poole lühema putke. Kroon on liitlehine, krooniputk pikk, tipust viie laineservalise hõlmaga, kellukjas. Tolmukaid on viis, neist neli on pikad ja üks on lühike. [1,2]
Viljaks on elliptiline, ovaalne või peaaegu kerakujuline kupar, mille pikkus on 7-15 mm. Seemned on elliptilised, ovaalsed ja tuhmkollased. Ühest kuprast võib saada 2,000 kuni 5,000 väga väikest seemet. [1,2]
Levila
Mahorkatubakas on pärit Ameerikast. [3] See oli esimene tubakaliik, mis toodi Euroopasse 16.sajandil, kuid hiljem asendati see vääristubakaga tema mahedama maitse tõttu. Seda kasvatatakse endiselt Lõuna-Ameerikas, Türgis, Vietnamis ja Venemaal. [2]
Toime ja kasutamine
Paljude põlisrahvaste kultuuridega tihedalt seotud ja pühaks peetav mahorkatubakas mängib jätkuvalt olulist rolli traditsioonilistes, tseremoniaalsetes, vaimsetes, sotsiaalsetes ja meditsiinilistes kommetes üle Põhja-Ameerika. [1]
Lehed on kaetud sekundaarsete metaboliitidega, sealhulgas nikotiini, nornikotiini, anatabiini ja anabasiini sisaldavate trihhoomidega. Lehtede kuivmassist moodustab 5–15% nikotiin, mis tõttu on seda hakatud kasutama nikotiinipõhiste pestitsiidide, nikotiinsulfaadi ja nikotiinhappe tootmiseks. Samuti sisaldavad lehed suurel hulgal sidrunhapet (15–20% lehtede kuivkaalust). [5] Kokku on leitud mahorkatubakast 31 flavanoidi ja 36 karotenoidi. [6]
Mahorkatubakast viiakse nikotiini kehasse tubakataime kuivatatud lehtede suitsetamise teel. Nuusktubaka või närimistubaka kasutamisel võib see imenduda ka suuõõne või nina limaskesta kaudu. See avaldab ajule mõjusid, mille tulemuseks on lõõgastus, stimulatsioon ja keskendunud tähelepanu.[3]
Kasutatud allikad
1. Central Tobacco Research Institute. (n.d.). Morphology of Tobacco. CTRI - Central Tobacco Research Institute. Vaadatud [sisesta kuupäev, millal veebilehte külastasid], aadressil https://ctri.icar.gov.in/for_morphology.php
2. Mehmood, F., Abdullah, Ubaid, Z., Shahzadi, I., Ahmed, I., Waheed, M. T., Poczai, P., & Mirza, B. (2020). Plastid genomics of Nicotiana (Solanaceae): Insights into molecular evolution, positive selection and the origin of the maternal genome of Aztec tobacco (Nicotiana rustica). https://doi.org/10.7717/PEERJ.9552/SUPP-17
3. Presti, D. E. (2002). Psychoactive Drugs. Encyclopedia of the Human Brain, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227210-2/00290-9
4. Raal, A. (2010). Maailma ravimtaimede entsüklopeedia. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.
5. Sierro, N., Battey, J. N. D., Bovet, L., Liedschulte, V., Ouadi, S., Thomas, J., Broye, H., Laparra, H., Vuarnoz, A., Lang, G., Goepfert, S., Peitsch, M. C., & Ivanov, N. V. (2018). The impact of genome evolution on the allotetraploid Nicotiana rustica - An intriguing story of enhanced alkaloid production 06 Biological Sciences 0604 Genetics. BMC Genomics, 19(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-5241-5
6. Xiao, Q., Zhu, Y., Cui, G., Zhang, X., Hu, R., Deng, Z., Lei, L., Wu, L., & Mei, L. (2022). A Comparative Study of Flavonoids and Carotenoids Revealed Metabolite Responses for Various Flower Colorations Between Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana rustica L. Frontiers in PlantScience, 13, 828042. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.828042
Classification (APG IV)
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Nicotiana
Species: Aztec tobacco - Nicotiana rustica L.
Botanical Description
Aztec tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), also known as mahorka tobacco, is a fast-growing annual herbaceous plant in the Solanaceae family. The plant is sticky to the touch, with simple, ovate, downward-facing leaves arranged alternately along the stem. The leaf margins are entire and wavy. Compared to cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Aztec tobacco leaves are rounder and broader. [1,2]
The inflorescence is generally compact, with a thickened central axis forming a cluster. Flowers develop on both the main and lateral branches. Flower colors range from yellow to yellow-green, and the flowers are actinomorphic. The perianth is composed of five united sepals forming a tubular calyx that is half the length of the corolla. The corolla is bell-shaped, with a long tubular base and five undulating lobes at the tip. The plant has five stamens, four long and one short. [1,2]
The fruit is an elliptical, oval, or nearly spherical capsule, 7–15 mm long. The seeds are elliptical, oval, and dull yellow, with one capsule yielding between 2,000 and 5,000 very small seeds. [1,2]
Distribution
Aztec tobacco is native to the Americas. [3] It was the first tobacco species introduced to Europe in the 16th century, later replaced by cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) due to its milder taste. Today, it is still grown in South America, Turkey, Vietnam, and Russia. [2]
Effects and Uses
Aztec tobacco has been deeply intertwined with many indigenous cultures, serving as a sacred plant in traditional, ceremonial, spiritual, social, and medicinal practices across North America. [1]
The leaves are covered in glandular trichomes that produce secondary metabolites, including nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine. The dry weight of the leaves consists of 5–15% nicotine, making the plant a source of nicotine-based pesticides, nicotine sulfate, and nicotinic acid. The leaves also contain high levels of citric acid (15–20% of the dry weight) and 31 different flavonoids and 36 carotenoids. [5,6]
Nicotine from Aztec tobacco is absorbed into the body through smoking dried leaves, chewing, or snuffing. It affects the brain by inducing relaxation, stimulation, and focused attention. [3]
References
1. Central Tobacco Research Institute. Morphology of Tobacco. CTRI Website.
2. Mehmood, F., et al. (2020). Plastid genomics of Nicotiana: Insights into evolution and alkaloid production. PeerJ. DOI:10.7717/PEERJ.9552.
3. Presti, D. E. (2002). Psychoactive Drugs. Encyclopedia of the Human Brain. DOI:10.1016/B0-12-227210-2/00290-9.
4. Raal, A. (2010). Maailma ravimtaimede entsüklopeedia. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus.
5. Sierro, N., et al. (2018). Genome evolution in Nicotiana rustica: Enhanced alkaloid production. BMC Genomics, 19, 5241. DOI:10.1186/s12864-018-5241-5.
6. Xiao, Q., et al. (2022). Flavonoid and carotenoid responses in Nicotiana rustica. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 828042. DOI:10.3389/fpls.2022.828042.